Radiotherapy

What is Radiotherapy?

Radiotherapy, also known as radiation therapy, is a cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors. It works by damaging the DNA of cancer cells, preventing them from growing and dividing. Radiotherapy can be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery and chemotherapy.

There are often rumours about radiotherapy; some people view it as a 'gentler' treatment option than chemotherapy, whereas for some people the side effects from radiotherapy can be just as challenging (or worse) than chemotherapy. Everyone is different and how people respond to radiotherapy will vary. Remember there is always support for any of these treatments and talking through with your own team is crucial.

What to Expect

1. Treatment Process:

- Consultation: Before treatment begins, you will have consultations with your oncologist and radiation therapist to discuss your treatment plan, including the goal and expected outcomes.

- Planning: A planning session (simulation) occurs where imaging tests (e.g., CT scans) are performed to determine the precise location for treatment and to customize the radiation fields.

- Treatment Sessions: Radiotherapy is usually given in daily sessions (Monday to Friday) over several weeks, depending on the type of cancer and treatment plan.

2. Duration: Each treatment session typically lasts between 15 to 30 minutes, but the actual radiation delivery usually takes only a few minutes.

3. Monitoring: Regular follow-ups will occur during and after your treatment to assess your progress and manage any side effects.

Types of Radiotherapy

There are two primary types of radiotherapy:

1. External Beam Radiotherapy (EBRT):

- This is the most common form of radiotherapy, where high-energy beams (like X-rays) are directed at the tumor from outside the body.

2. Internal Radiotherapy (Brachytherapy):

- This involves placing a radioactive source inside or very close to the tumor. This type allows for a higher dose of radiation to the tumor while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissues.

Side Effects

Side effects from radiotherapy vary based on the area being treated, the dose of radiation, and individual patient factors. Common side effects include:

- Fatigue: Many patients experience tiredness or lethargy during treatment.

- Skin Changes: The treated area may experience redness, dryness, itching, or peeling skin.

- Localised Swelling: Some swelling may occur in the area treated with radiation.

- Changes to Appetite: Patients may have a reduced appetite or experience changes in taste.

- Sore Throat or Mouth Sores: Particularly if the head or neck area is being treated.

- Nausea: Some patients may experience nausea, especially when the abdomen is treated.

- Urinary and Bowel Changes: This may include urgency, frequency, or discomfort, particularly if pelvic areas are treated.

Managing Side Effects

1. Fatigue: Prioritise rest and incorporate gentle exercise, such as walking, when able.

2. Skin Care: Keep the treated area clean and moisturised with recommended lotions. Avoid tight clothing, harsh soaps, and sun exposure on the treated area.

3. Nutrition: Eating small meals throughout the day and staying hydrated can help manage appetite and energy levels. Consulting a dietitian may provide further support tailored to your needs.

4. Sore Throat or Mouth Sores: Use saltwater rinses, soft-bristled toothbrushes, and avoid spicy or acidic foods.

5. Nausea: Prescribed anti-nausea medications and dietary changes can help manage this. Eating bland foods may also be beneficial.

6. Bowel and Urinary Issues: Drinking plenty of fluids, consuming a high-fibre diet, and using prescribed medications can help.

Conclusion

Radiotherapy can be an effective treatment for many types of cancer. Understanding what to expect during the process, potential side effects, and ways to manage them is essential for coping effectively. Open communication with your healthcare team is key to ensuring that any concerns are addressed promptly.