Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting women, but it can also affect men. Knowing more about breast cancer will help you understand its risks, symptoms, and the importance of awareness and early detection. Here’s an easy-to-understand guide covering key aspects of breast cancer.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. It typically starts in the cells of the lobules (the milk-producing glands) or the ducts (the pathways that carry milk from the lobules to the nipple). Breast cancer can happen at any age where there is breast tissue, and earlier detection can save lives. Whilst breast cancer screening programmes don't start until 50 years old, this does not mean that people can't get breast cancer before that age. Getting into a regular habit of checking once a month ('Feel It On The First') helps you know what your normal is and spotting the early signs of changes that could be a warning signs.
Types of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer can be classified into several types, but the two most common are:
1. Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC)
- This is the most common type, starting in the breast ducts and spreading to nearby tissues.
2. Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC)
- This type begins in the lobules and can also spread to other parts of the breast and beyond.
Other types of breast cancer include triple-negative breast cancer, HER2-positive breast cancer, and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), which is a non-invasive cancer.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing breast cancer:
- Gender: Women are at higher risk, though men can also develop breast cancer.
- Age: The risk increases as you get older, especially after age 50.
- Family History: Having close relatives (mother, sister, daughter) with breast cancer may increase your risk.
- Genetic Mutations: Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes significantly increase the risk.
- Lifestyle Factors: Factors such as obesity, lack of physical activity, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption are linked to higher breast cancer risk.
- Hormonal Factors: Early onset of menstruation, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy could increase risk.
Symptoms to Watch For
Early detection is crucial. Be alert for the following signs and symptoms:
- Lump or Mass: The most common symptom is a lump in the breast or underarm area, which may feel different from surrounding tissue. Always feel lying down and standing up as the breast tissue moves in different positions making some lumps easier/harder to feel. Always feel into the armpit and around the collar bones.
- Change in Size or Shape: Not all cancers start as lumps. Sometimes a new change in symmetry is the only sign; look for if one breast is becoming noticeably larger or more 'full' or 'firm' than the other one. Noticeable changes in the size or shape of the breast.
- Nipple Changes: This includes discharge from the nipple (which can be bloody or clear), or a change in shape or position of the nipple. A nipple that is becoming inverted or pulled to one direction that is new might be the only sign. Also things to look for; crusting or sores around the nipple that aren't healing easily. If unsure, try squeezing gently as if trying to express milk; if discharge or blood leaks from the nipple this needs to be checked by a professional.
- Skin Changes: Redness, swelling, or dimpling of the breast skin may occur. There is a phrase the 'orange peel' effect; some cancers can create a dimpling pattern over the skin which looks like the surface of an orange peel. This is a red flag that needs checking. Similarly new wrinkles or puckering of the skin particularly when changing position might be the only sign. If these signs are there even without being able to feel a lump - always get them checked.
- Pain: It is a myth that pain is not a symptom of breast cancer. Sometimes a lightning bolt type pain or dull ache could be a warning sign. Persistent pain in the breast or nipple area that doesn’t go away. Similarly, there are many breast cancers that don't have pain.
Don't rely on the presence or absence of a lump, pain or skin changes to wait to see a doctor. If you have only one of these symptoms that is new - always get it checked. The breast cancer unit would always rather review and reassure than see someone too late when the disease is incurable.
Screening and Early Detection
Regular screenings are essential for early detection. In the UK, women aged 50 to 71 are invited for breast screening every three years as part of the NHS Breast Screening Programme, but:
Self-Examinations: Women are encouraged to be familiar with their breasts and report any changes to their doctor. See one of our guides or visit one of the breast cancer websites, like CoppaFeel, for more support on how to become confident at being breast aware. Checking once a month ('Feel It On The First') is a good practice. Remember to check lying down and standing up, and always stand in front of a mirror so you can see for changes as well.
Mammograms: A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast and is a key tool used in breast cancer screening.
Diagnosis and Treatment
If breast cancer is suspected, a healthcare professional may conduct a physical exam, imaging tests (like a mammogram or ultrasound), and a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis. A lot of these initial tests will likely happen at your first consultation/appointment following your 2 week wait referral.
Treatment options vary based on the type and stage of cancer but may include:
Surgery: Removing the tumor or the entire breast (mastectomy). There can be a lot of confusion about the different types of surgical approaches, including whether you will automatically be offered a single or double mastectomy. Visit one of the specialised breast cancer charity websites for more information and guidance.
Radiotherapy: Using targeted radiation to kill cancer cells. Visit our specific radiotherapy guide for more information.
Chemotherapy: Using drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth. There are many different types of chemotherapy, some can cause hair loss but not all. Visit our specific chemotherapy guide for more information.
Hormone Therapy: Used for hormone-sensitive breast cancer to block hormones that fuel cancer growth.
Targeted Therapy: Drugs that specifically target cancer cells based on their genetic characteristics.
Living with Breast Cancer
A breast cancer diagnosis can be overwhelming, but remember:
Support is Key:
Many organizations offer support groups and resources to help individuals and their families cope. Consider reaching out to local charities and support services.
Counselling Services:
Professional help can assist with emotional challenges related to diagnosis and treatment.
Healthy Lifestyle Choices:
Maintaining a balanced diet, regular exercise, and a supportive network can be incredibly beneficial during treatment and recovery.
Conclusion
Understanding breast cancer is an important step in taking control of your health. Early diagnosis is the difference between curable and incurable. Knowledge about your risk factors, being vigilant about symptoms, and participating in regular screenings can lead to early detection and better outcomes.
Resources
We have many podcast episodes interviewing women with nearly every type of breast cancer at every stage. Visit our Podcast/Scars of Gold series to listen to people with real lived experience to hear their messages of hope, strength and toolkit tips for how to navigate at different stages of treatment and recovery.
Here’s a list of resources in the UK that provide support for breast cancer:
1. Breast Cancer Now
- Website: (https://www.breastcancernow.org)
- Offers support services, information, and a helpline for those affected by breast cancer.
2. Macmillan Cancer Support
- Website: (https://www.macmillan.org.uk)
- Provides various support options, including financial guidance, emotional support, and information for patients and families.
3. Cancer Research UK
- Website: (https://www.cancerresearchuk.org)
- Provides detailed information about breast cancer, including treatment options and research.
4. Pink Ribbon Foundation
- Website: https://www.pinkribbonfoundation.org.uk
- Support and signposting for women with breast cancer.
5. The Haven
- Website: (https://www.thehaven.org.uk)
- Offers free holistic care and support for people affected by breast cancer.
6. Breast Cancer Care
- Website: (https://www.breastcancercare.org.uk)
- A charity providing information and support for those affected by breast cancer, including a helpline and online forum.
Maggies
- Website: https://www.maggies.org
-A charity that provides centers for in person support with cancer.
Victoria's Promise
- Website: https://www.victoriaspromise.org
- A charity providing support for young women and their families through any cancer.
CoppaFeel
- Website: https://coppafeel.org
-A charity to help with breast cancer awareness.
9. Local NHS Services
- Check with local healthcare providers for support services, counseling, and support groups available in your area.
9. Support Groups and Peer Support
- Many local hospitals and community centers offer support groups where breast cancer patients can connect with others.
Remember, seeking help and talking about your worries is a sign of strength. You’re not alone; there’s a community ready to support you every step of the way.